Journal of Pharmacy and clinical Sciences, Volume 2(July-September 2011)

	Journal of Pharmacy and clinical Sciences ISSN: 2222-761X, EISSN: 2222-7903 Volume 2 (July-September, 2011) To read and print the PDF files of the Journal Archive you will need to have Acrobat Reader If you have any technical or content problems contact : publisher@arpapress.com
1.	ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF 2,2-Bis (3-hydroxy-1,4-napthoquinone)
1.	by Subramanian Gomathinayagam & Raymond C. Jagessar
Abstract	Antimicrobial activity of 2,2-Bis (3-hydroxy-1,4-napthoquinone) was investigated against pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococus aureus (Gram (+ ), Eschericia coli (Gram ( -) and fungal strain, Candida albicans using the Disk Diffusion and the Pour Plate method. Compound (3) has been shown to inhibit pathogenic growth, judging from the area of the zone of inhibition and follows the sequence: Staphylococcus aureus > Candida albicans > Eschericia coli . The area of zone of inhibition ranging from (21.38 mm² to 36.83 mm²) and (17.34 mm² to 36.94 mm²) for the Disk Diffusion and Poison plates respectively. However, the area of the zone of inhibition for compound (3) is less than reference antibiotics: Nystatin and Ampicillin.

2.	OPHTHALMOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS /AIDS IN MALI : IS THERE A INTERRELATION WITH THE CD4 COUNT?
2.	by Aboubacar Dantoum Kone , A.Dembele & M.Coulibaly
Abstract	Purpose: Study the profile of ocular complications of HIV / AIDS in Mali and determine if there is a interrelation between their occurrence and the CD4 Counts. Material and methods: Prospective study conducted at the Mali General Hospital from September 2009 to October 2010. All HIV positive patients with CD4 counts results were included in this study. They all underwent a thorough ophthalmologic examination . Results: We collected 63 patients including 34 women (53.9%) and 29 men (46,03%). Their average age was 38.9 years ± 10.3. The ophthalmologic examination was abnormal in 39 patients (61.9%) and normal in 24 patients (38.1%). Ocular complaints were the initial manifestations of the disease in 33.3% of patients. The main lesions in the anterior segment were herpetic keratitis (9,52%) and herpes zoster ophthalmicus (12.69%). The most common lesions of the posterior segment were cytomegalovirus retinitis (12,69%) and uveitis (15,87%). The average CD4 count of 118.3 ± 106.7 mm ³ in our study. 91.7% of patients with ocular complications had a CD4 count not exceeding 200/mm³. A nonlinear correlation was found between the CD4 count the onset of ocular complications. Conclusion: With improved access to antiretroviral therapy, ophthalmologic complications of HIV / AIDS are becoming less frequent. The role of the ophthalmologist becomes essential in the diagnosis and care of patients.

3.	HELICOBACTER PYLORI & ORAL CAVITY INFLAMMATION
3.	by Omid Panahi, Saied Rezaei, Mehdi Marzi & Farzin Asghari sana
Abstract	Nowadays there are multiple studies suggesting that inflammation of the oral cavity caused by bacteria, Microbial and fungi is accompanied by gastric inflammation. Helicobacter pylori infection is considered as one of the most common infectious diseases throughout the world, the carriage rate of Helicobacter pylori is reported to be 20-80% for adults in the developed world, and more than 90% in the developing world .it is also associated with peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma and specially cofactor in the instance of happening again of aphthous ulceration, gastric colonization and mucosal attachment. Current studies indicate that H. pylori is present in dental plaque, although the number of organisms in individual samples is very low, and these numbers appear to vary from one site to another within the mouth. The presence of this organism in plaque may be fitful, perhaps occurring as the result of gastroesophageal reflux. in our study the Most important finding was that patients with recognized inflammation in the oral cavity in the form of stomatitis prothetica hyperplasica.

4.	POSSIBLE EMBRYOTOXIC AND TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF A PHYTODRUG (RICOM 1013-J) ON PREGNANT FEMALE WISTAR RATS
4.	by Ekwere Okon Ekwere, Tamunotonye Watson Jacks, Iornumbe Usar, Ikoni Ogaji & Francis Kanayo Okwuasaba
Abstract	Objectives: For centuries, virtually every indigenous culture has utilized plants in an attempt to control its population. Contrary to the belief that African local communities do not care about population growth, the Bassa people of Plateau State of Nigeria are known to have successfully used, for centuries, the seeds of a commonly available plant, Ricinus communis-linn (RICOM 1013-J) for birth control. Since the phytodrug, RICOM 1013-J has demonstrated high antifertility efficacy in adult cyclic rats and in women volunteers, there is need therefore to evaluate it for any possible embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in animals. Material and Methods: Forty virgin cyclic female albino rats with weight range of 170-220g were carefully selected for the study. Rat pellets and water were provided ad libitum. They were mated with proven males in a 3:1 (female: male) ratio and mating was ascertained the following morning by the presence of clumps of spermatozoa in vaginal smear. Animals were administered subcutaneously with 5mg/kg, 20mg/kg, 2g/kg and 20g/kg of RICOM 1013-J on day 10 of pregnancy and sacrificed on day 20.The foetuses were examined for litter quality (appearance, body weight and crown-rump length). Results and Conclusions: The data obtained did not show any evidence of litter abnormalities or any morphological changes in the pups between the 5mg/kg to 20mg/kg dose range. However, doses between 2g/kg and 20g/kg were embryotoxic.

5.	RELEVANCE BETWEEN HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA
5.	by Omid Panahi, Farzin Asghari Sana & Fatemeh khadivi Derakhsha
Abstract	Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also known as primary immune thrombocytopenic purpura and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, is defined as isolated thrombocytopenia with normal bone marrow and the absence of other causes of thrombocytopenia. ITP is a bleeding condition in which the blood doesn't clot as it should. This is due to a low number of blood cell fragments called platelets. It is important to maintain an adequate platelet count in patients with ITP in order to avoid hemorrhagic during surgery. The association between helicobacter pylori infection and the effect of it were observed in an ITP patient over 6 months. Presence of Helicobacter pylori indicated to the increased platelet count and provides a new insight for a non-immunosuppressive treatment in selective ITP patients.

6.	A STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF CONTRACEPTION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN EKPOMA, NIGERIA
6.	by Idonije B.O., Oluba O.M. & Otamere H.O.
Abstract	Background: Adolescent sexual activity, early pregnancy, induced abortion and increased HIV/AIDS infection have become a major concern in Nigeria. Teenage pregnancy is a risk factor for disruption of education, future unemployment and poor mental health. The aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness, attitude and practice of contraception among male and female secondary school students in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria, a fast developing village with increased cases of teenage abortion. Methods: A descriptive study, using a pre-tested, self administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception among male and female public secondary school students in Ekpoma. The study population consisted of male and female junior secondary III (JS III) and senior secondary III (SS III) school students in Ekpoma aged 12-24 years. In all 1000 male and 1000 female students were recruited for the study. Data obtained were analyzed by sex and age. Results: A total of 690 and 814 questionnaires were returned in good order for males and females respectively. Analysis of data obtained showed that 398 (57.7%) and 216 (26.5%) male and female students respectively were sexually active as at the time of this study. 68 (17.0%) of the male population had their first sexual intercourse at 9 years. Analysis also showed that 292 (42.3%) and 492 (60%) males and females respectively had good knowledge of contraception while 206 (29.9%) and 122 (15%) males and females had no knowledge of contraception. Parents (25.5%), friends (17%), books and magazines (16.2%) and internet (10.7%) were the main sources of information about sex and contraception. Condom was the major available contraceptive for the males while Andrew liver salt (29%), oral pills (10.3%), 7 Up (7.4%) were the used by the females. About 40% of the total sampled population believed contraception is not safe. Conclusion: Awareness and use of contraception among secondary school students in Ekpoma was low. There is a need to educate adolescents about the use of contraception with emphasis on available methods and correct timing of usage.

7.	SHIGELLA SEROTYPES AMONG NURSERY AND PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN WITH DIARRHOEA IN AGO-IWOYE AND IJEBU-IGBO, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
7.	by Moses Olusola Efuntoye & Adefunke Adenuga
Abstract	Objective: Shigellosis is an important gastrointestinal infection in tropical and temperate countries. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of the different serotypes of Shigella species among nursery and primary school children with diarrhoea in two semi-urban communities in Nigeria. Methods:The isolates were characterized using standard biochemical and serological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by the disc diffusion method. Results: Shigella spp. were isolated in 7.7% of samples from 271 children with diarrhoea in two hospitals located in southwestern Nigeria. S. flexneri was the most prevalent species, and followed by S. dysenteriae. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that drug resistant Shigella spp. was spreading in the communities but the isolates were susceptible to new quinolones. Conclusion: Our results showed that whereas the confirmed cases of shigellosis in the communities investigated was low (7.7%), this should not be ignored since most diarrhoeal cases are seldom reported. The fluoroquinolones could be very important in the management of shigellosis in the locations studied, hence continuous surveillance is warranted to monitor the emergence of resistant strains to these promising antibiotics.

8.	USE OF STEM CELL THERAPY IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASES
8.	by Nkemerwa Hubert Kairuki
Abstract	The use of stem cells in the treatment of heart diseases has been a very active area of research after the success in initial preclinical trials led to first true randomized controlled trials (RCT’S)⁶ evaluating the safety and efficacy, the results of which were encouraging. To date the largest clinical trial in patients with AMI has been REPAIR-AMI⁷ where BMSC therapy was reported to have an improvement of 2.8% in ejection fraction (EF) and Fincell trial⁸ reported a 5% increase in EF . A recent Meta-analysis⁹ on effect of BMSC after AMI whereby 13 RCT’s consisting of 811 patients was done, there was a consistent pattern of results in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) which showed some improvement of 2.99%, a 3.51% reduction in myocardial scar and so was the cardiac wall motion improvement. With regard to chronic ischemic heart failure the STAR –heart study¹⁰ was the single largest study in which the BMSC therapy was shown to have brought a significant improvement in LVEF and exercise capacity. These trials shows notable improvements on patients’ cardiac functions once the stems cells are injected in coronary arteries or directly to the damaged heart tissues.