International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences. Volume 14, Issue 2(February 2013)

	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences ISSN: 2076-734X, EISSN: 2076-7366 Volume 14, Issue 2 (February, 2013) To read and print the PDF files of the Journal Archive you will need to have Acrobat Reader If you have any technical or content problems contact : publisher@arpapress.com
1.	POINCARÉ-TYPE INEQUALITY FOR VARIABLE EXPONENT SPACES OF DIFFERENTIAL FORMS
1.	by Lifeng Guo
Abstract	We prove both local and global Poincaré inequalities with the variable exponent for differential forms in the John domains and Ls-averaging domains, which can be considered as generalizations of the existing versions of Poincaré inequalities.

2.	GLUCURONIC ACID FROM FERMENTED BEVERAGES: BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS IN HUMANS AND ITS ROLE IN HEALTH PROTECTION
2.	by Ilmara Vina, Raimonds Linde, Arturs Patetko & Pavels Semjonovs
Abstract	An increasing rate of morbidity in the world is due to widespread chronic degenerative ailments such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. One of the causes of that is toxification of human organism by xenobiotics and insufficient activity of fat-soluble endobiotics. The present article discusses important theoretical aspects of glucuronidation - the general concept of detoxication and the biochemical mechanism of glucuronic acid conjugation. The way of obtaining fermented beverages with a high content of glucuronic acid by applying the Kombucha symbiotic cultures originated from various parts of the world is demonstrated. The initial hypothesis on the synthesis of glucuronic acid as a characteristic property of natural associations of bacteria and yeasts has been confirmed. It can be prospective for human health protection and chronic diseases prevention. The use of glucuronic acid-containing microbially fermented products in medicine, and their beneficial biological effects on human health are overviewed.

3.	A NOVEL RISK MEASURE MODEL IN UNCERTAIN THEORY
3.	by Jiajun Liu, Liang Lin & Chao Wang
Abstract	Uncertainty theory is a new branch of axiomatic mathematics for studying the subjective uncertainty. In uncertain theory, uncertain variable is a fundamental concept, which is used to represent imprecise quantities (unknown constants and unsharp concepts). Entropy of uncertain variable is an important concept in calculating uncertainty associated with imprecise quantities. This paper introduces a novel risk measure model in uncertain theory, and proves its several important theorems. The novel risk measure model reflects the risks originate from the state uncertainty. At the same time, it not only reflects the decision-makers subjective attitude to risk, but also can better measure the present complex financial risk.

4.	CHANGES IN ESSENTIAL OIL OF ORIGANUM VULGARE L. AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT EXTRACTION METHODS
4.	by Kátia Yuri Fausta Kawase, Cheila Gonçalves Mothé, Filipe Arantes Furtado & Gerson Luiz Vieira Coelho
Abstract	Phytochemicals from oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare L.) obtained from supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), hydrodistillation, Soxhlet (ethanol and hexane) were determined by GC-MS. Antioxidant activity and thermal analysis were the methods used to evaluate the extracts obtained. Synthetic antioxidant ascorbic acid and butyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT) were used as the standard phenol. Higher concentration of carvacrol and thymol was observed in the oil obtained by hydrodistillation, on the other hand, the better result in antioxidant activity was observed in Soxhlet with ethanol for 6 h (IC₅₀= 130.69 ± 1.21 µg/ml), this results indicates that the antioxidant effectiveness of the oregano essential oil was not related to a higher concentration of these phenolic compounds. Finally, this study compares the thermal analysis of oregano essential oil with BHT and ascorbic acid. The results indicate that oregano essential oil (oil resin) obtained by Soxhlet could be used to substitute synthetic antioxidants in foods products, therefore other compounds that are extracted together should be studied to clarify the higher antioxidant activity of this extract.

5.	CONTROL CHARTS FOR IMPROVING THE PROCESS PERFORMANCE OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
5.	by S. Selva Arul Pandian & P. Puthiyanayagam
Abstract	In this paper the new ways discussed to cut costs for delivering high-quality product in the today’s global economy. Control charts technique is used to study the process stability and reduce the number of defects in the software product. The Process Performance Model (PPM) is also discussed for the project performance over time among various factors and to predict the range of variation of the outcome that is processes. This work is limited to the software development cycle which follows the Waterfall Model or the Classical life cycle model.

6.	ON THE USE OF MESHLESS METHOD FOR FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR FGM PLATE HAVING VARIABLE THICKNESS UNDER AXISYMMETRIC CONDITION
6.	by Abazar Shamekhi
Abstract	In this work the free vibration analysis of circular plate having variable thickness made of functionally-graded material is studied. Numerical analysis has been done for either simply supported or clamped circular FGM plates. Dynamic equations have been obtained using energy method based on Love-Kichhoff hypothesis and Sander's non-linear strain-displacement relation for thin plates. Mesh free method is used to determine the natural frequencies. The results obtained show good agreement with known analytical data. The effects of thickness variation and Poisson's ratio are studied by calculating the natural frequencies. These effects are found to be different for simply supported and clamped plates.

7.	INFLUENCE OF AGITATION, pH AND TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH AND DECOLORIZATION OF BATIK WASTEWATER BY BACTERIA LACTOBACILLUS DELBRUCKII
7.	by Siti Zuraida M., Nurhaslina C.R. & Ku Halim K.H.
Abstract	Batik industries which are the Malaysian cottage textile industry are among the rapidly growing textiles industries in Malaysia and most of these industries can be found in East Coast states such as Kelantan and Terengganu. Batik industries engender a huge contribution to Malaysia’s economy development due to high demands from local and abroad. However, wastewater from these industries causes a vast pollution to the environment due to the dye content because the manufacturer commonly discharge their effluents into environment without appropriate treatment. Therefore, treatments on batik effluent pollution to the environment are very crucial and get an enormous attention from the researchers. This study investigates the effect of agitation, pH and temperature on the microbial (Lactobacillus Delbruckii) growth and decolorization efficiency of Batik wastewater. The bacteria were incubated under aerobic conditions in the presence of 30 % (vol. /vol.) Batik wastewater in MRS broth in different temperature (25, 30, 37, and 42 °C) and pH (4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) for 84 hours, and growth of microbial and decolorization of batik wastewater were monitored. A microbial showed good growth in agitation culture but the color removal was best in static culture with 45 – 60 % color removed in less than 72 hours. Temperature and pH had a significant effect on the growth of microbial and also decolorization of the Batik wastewater. However, the optimum decolorization of Batik wastewater did not coincide with the growth of bacteria. The optimum pH and temperature value for growth of microbial were 7.0 and 37 °C and for decolorization of batik wastewater were 6.0 and 37 °C.

8.	GLOBAL REGULAR SOLUTIONS TO THE MAXWELL-BOLTZMANNEULER SYSTEM IN A BIANCHI TYPE-I SPACE TIME IN PRESENCE OF A MASSIVE SCALAR FIELD
8.	by Raoul Domingo AYISSI & Norbert NOUTCHEGUEME
Abstract	We prove an existence and uniqueness of regular solution to the Maxwell-Boltzmann-Euler system globally in time. We clarify the choice of the function spaces and we establish step by step all the essential energy estimations leading to the global existence theorem.

9.	ON THE GROWTH OF SOLUTIONS OF SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH MEROMORPHIC COEFFICIENTS
9.	by Jianren Long, Pengcheng Wu & Jun Zhu
Abstract	Please read full text of paper.

10.	WIND FARM POWER FORECAST IN MID-EASTERN COASTLINE OF CHINA
10.	by Zhengquan Li, Zhongen Yang, Yiping Yao, Shengjun Chen, Xiaowei Zhang & Tao Feng
Abstract	Applying 4-levels grid nested WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model to predict meteorological elements of wind farm field, and employing WRF model outputs and SCADA data of wind turbines to construct wind power forecast models by using the APLSR (Adapting Partial Least Square Regression) method, this paper has conducted wind power forecast in 24 hours ahead, at Wenling wind farm which located in mid-eastern coastline of China, where is subject to frequent typhoons. The results show that the WRF model has a good capability to predict wind speed variation at 1km resolution, and wind power forecasted by the constructed models agrees well with recorded data of wind farm. The MAE (Mean Absolute Error) of wind power forecast is 8.2 % over 24 hours forecast horizon.

11.	HYBRID SYSTEM OF LEARNING VECTOR QUANTIZATION AND ENHANCED RESILIENT BACKPROPAGATION ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR INTRUSION CLASSIFICATION
11.	by Reyadh Shaker Naoum & Zainab Namh Al-Sultani
Abstract	Network-based computer systems play increasingly vital roles in modern society; they have become the target of intrusions by our enemies and criminals. Intrusion detection system attempts to detect computer attacks by examining various data records observed in processes on the network. This paper presents a hybrid intrusion detection system models, using Learning Vector Quantization and an enhanced resilient backpropagation artificial neural network. The proposed system is divided into five phases: environment phase, dataset features and pre-processing phase, Learning Vector Quantization phase, enhanced resilient backpropagation neural network phase and testing the hybrid system phase. A Supervised Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) as the first stage of classification was trained to detect intrusions; it consists of two layers with two different transfer functions, competitive and linear. A multilayer perceptron as the second stage of classification was trained using an enhanced resilient backpropagation training algorithm. Best number of hidden layers and hidden neurons were calculated to train the enhanced resilient backpropagation neural network. One hidden layer with 32 hidden neurons was used in resilient backpropagation artificial neural network training process. An optimal learning factor was derived to speed up the convergence of the resilient backpropagation neural network performance. The evaluations were performed using the NSL-KDD99 network anomaly intrusion detection dataset. The experiments results demonstrate that the proposed system (LVQ_ERBP) has a detection rate about 97.06% with a false negative rate of 2%.

12.	RECURSIVE ALGORITHMS FOR REALIZATION OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL DISCRETE SINE TRANSFORM AND INVERSE DISCRETE SINE TRANSFORM
12.	by M.N. Murty
Abstract	In this paper, novel recursive algorithms for realization of one-dimensional discrete sine transform (DST) and inverse discrete sine transform (IDST) of any length are proposed. By using some mathematical techniques, recursive expressions for DST and IDST have been developed. Then, the DST and IDST are implemented by recursive filter structures. A linear systolic architecture for realization of DST is also presented in this paper. Compared with some other algorithms, the proposed algorithm for DST achieves savings on the number of multiplications and additions. The recursive algorithms have been found very effective for realization using software and VLSI techniques.

13.	LOCAL FIELD WITHIN A NON LINEAR THIN FILM ILLUMINATED BY A GAUSSIAN LASER BEAM
13.	by R. Chifahi & R. Mountasser
Abstract	In this communication, we present a numerical study of the nonlinear local electrical field within a nonlinear Kerr material thin film. The thin film is illuminated in oblique incidence by a strong gaussian laser beam.

14.	BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF FEIGRISOLIDES A, B AND C FROM A MARINE ISOLATE OF THE ACTINOBACTERIUM Streptomyces sp. 6167.
14.	by Maria P. Sobolevskaya, Mihael I. Kusaikin, Evgeny A. Pislyagin, Ludmila C. Busoleva, Natalia I. Mensorova, Yurii T. Sibirtsev & Shamil Sh. Afiyatullov
Abstract	It was shown, that the macrolide metabolites from the marine derived actinobacterium Streptomyces sp. 6167, feigrisolides A, B and C are effectors of the 1®3-b-D-glucanase from Spisula sacchalinensis crystalline style. It was found that feigrisolide B induces apoptotic process in the Ehrlich carcinoma cells (IC₅₀=17.4 µg/ml), possess cytotoxic activity against the developing eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and immobilizes sperm of the urchin in dose less than 1 µg/ml.

15.	AN EXPLORATORY FACTORIAL ANALYSIS TO MEASURE ATTITUDE TOWARD STATISTIC(EMPIRICAL STUDY IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS)
15.	by Arturo García-Santillán, Francisco Venegas-Martinez & Milka Elena Escalera-Chávez
Abstract	This study aims to measure student’s attitude towards statistics through a model that considers the variables proposed by Auzmendi (1992). Was examined whether the constructs: usefulness, motivation, liking, confidence and anxiety have influence in the student's attitude towards statistics. Were surveyed 298 students at the Cristóbal Colón University using the questionnaire proposed by Auzmendi. Data analysis was performed by factorial analysis with an extracted principal component. The results obtained from the Bartlett test of Sphericity KMO (.648), Chi square X² 379.674 df 10, Sig. 0.00 < p 0.01, the value of each variable MSA (LIK .628; ANX .602; CNF .731; MTV .610 and USF .649 are within the acceptable value >0.50) All this provide evidence to reject Ho. Finally we obtained two factors: first one composed of three elements: usefulness, confidence, liking and other incorporates two elements: anxiety and motivation. The values of this last factor indicate if the student anxiety increased, decreased motivation and their explanatory power for each factor are expressed by their Eigenvalue 2.351 and 1.198 (with % variance 47.016 and 23.964 respectively, Total variance 71.08%)

16.	COMPARISON BEETWEN LEAD (PB) AND ZINC (ZN) CONTENT ON MILKFISH (Chanos chanos, Forsk) MUSCLE AND GILL AT AQUACULTURE PONDS OF MARUNDA, NORTH JAKARTA AND BLANAKAN, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
16.	by Noverita Dian Takarina, Sunardi & Naufal Sanca Lovandhika
Abstract	Aquaculture ponds in North coast of Jakarta at Marunda (Jakarta province) are located close to industries and housings, in contrast, ponds at Blanakan at Subang Regency (West Java province), are surrounded by agriculture areas and mangrove forest. Lead (Pb) has been recognized as hazardous metal because it can cause health problem, while Zinc (Zn) is an essential elements and needed by fish as enzymatic activator. The objective of this research was to measure the Pband Zn content in the sediment and Chanos chanos at aquaculture ponds of Marunda and Blanakan. Samples of sediments and C. chanos were collected from four (M1-M4) aquaculture ponds located at Marunda, North Jakarta and four (B1-B4) aquaculture ponds located at Blanakan, Subang Regency. Pb and Zn content in sediments, muscles and gills of C. chanos were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) Shimadzu 6300. The results revealed that the ranges of metals content in sediments at Marunda ponds were 8.93 – 13.59 μg/g for Pb and 49.24 – 112.09 μg/g for Zn, while in sediments at Blanakan ponds were 10.20 – 11.8 μg/g for Pb and 44.52 – 112.09 μg/g for Zn. In addition, the ranges of Pb content in muscles and gills of C. chanos at Marunda and ponds were 1.45 – 4.98 μg/g and 3.35 – 5.68 μg/g, respectively, while at Blanakan ponds were 0.82 – 1.45 μg/g and 1.21 – 3.45 μg/g, respectively. Moreover, Zn content in muscles and gills at Marunda ponds were 23.30 – 41.89 μg/g and 86.89– 134.14 μg/g, while at Blanakan ponds were 31.57 – 49.10 μg/g and 67.98 – 132.86 μg/g, respectively. The results of analysis showed that there was significance difference of concentrations of Pb between Blanakan and Marunda (p < 0.01) and between muscle and gills (p < 0.05). Meanwhile for Zn concentrations there was no significance difference between Marunda and Blanakan, but there was significane difference between muscle and gill (p < 0.05).

17.	STUDY OF CLAY’S MINERALOGY EFFECT ON RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF CERAMIC SUSPENSIONS USING AN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
17.	by Afef Jmal Ayadi, Julien Soro, Amel Kamoun & Samir Baklouti
Abstract	Three clays namely Illite (I), Montmorillonite (M) and Kaolin (K) were chosen as references to study the effect of clay composition on the rheological behavior of the ceramic suspensions. A mixture design was applied to study the evolution of the viscosity of the clayey suspensions according to the proportions of the clay references in the mixture. The statistical study shows that the fitted model was adequate to describe the rheological behavior of clay suspensions. It was concluded that the rheological properties of the ceramic suspensions were mainly governed by the percentage of Montmorillonite. It was also demonstrated that to obtain low viscosities (0.20-0.40 Pa.s), as required by the ceramic industry, the clay mixture should not contain more than 16 % of Montmorillonite.

18.	NUMERICAL COMPARISON OF PRICING OF EUROPEAN CALL OPTIONS FOR MEAN REVERTING PROCESSES
18.	by Freddy H. Marín Sánchez, Yimer Camilo Vargas & Margarita Pinzón Cardozo
Abstract	We propose a change of probability measure that allows to find a partial differential equation for valuing European call options on processes mean reversion, whose solution is approximated numerically by Adomian decomposition method. To test the convergence of the method is presented an analytic function that is convergent with the terminal condition of the differential equation and consistent with payy-off of a European call option. We compare the numerical results obtained with alternative methods to value options.

19.	U-TURN CHANNEL PRESSURE LOSS MINIMIZATION USING MESHLESS METHOD AND ADAPTIVE DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION ALGORITHM
19.	by Abazar Shamekhi
Abstract	In this work, a meshless method together with a differential evolution algorithm has been used for the numerical simulation and optimization of the flow inside a U-turn passage. Meshless characteristic based split (CBS) algorithm has been used for this purpose. Employing C++ language, a new computational code has been implemented. Using differential evolution algorithm together with a meshless computational simulation code, U-turn shape has been modified iteratively. The results show that the pressure loss of the U-turn passage of the optimal design has been decreased significantly compared with the initial shape of the channel.

20.	TAXONOMY FOR 3D CONTENT-BASED OBJECT RETRIEVAL METHODS
20.	by Hanan ElNaghy, Safwat Hamad & M. Essam Khalifa
Abstract	The use of three-dimensional (3D) image and model databases throughout the Internet is growing both in number and size. The emergence of 3D media is also directly related to the emergence of the 3D acquisition technologies. Indeed, recent advances in 3D scanner acquisition and 3D graphics rendering technologies boost the creation of 3D model archives for several application domains. Therefore, the development of efficient search mechanisms is required for the effective retrieval of 3D objects from large repositories. Over the last years, a large number of competing techniques have been developed for the purpose of content-based retrieval of 3D objects and consequently, more research is required to be conducted on surveying and comparing such proposed techniques. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on the recent methods for content-based 3D object retrieval guided by a proposed taxonomy based on different shape descriptors. Finally, a performance comparison is carried out among selected methods based on qualitative measures.

21.	NONLINEAR SEPARATION FOR CONSTRAINED MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS TO PENALTY FUNCTIONS
21.	by K. Guo & S.Q. Feng
Abstract	In this paper, we prove a nonlinear separation associated with a constrained multiobjective optimization problem in the image space, as well as the equivalence between the existence of nonlinear separation function and a saddle point condition for a generalized Lagrangian function associated with the given problem. As applications, we obtain some equivalent conditions on exact penalty methods for the given problem.

22.	FIRE LOAD IN STUDENTS' DORMITORY BUILDINGS
22.	by Wei Gao, Jinhua Sun, Ying Zhang & Jianzhong Rong
Abstract	This paper presents the results of a survey conducted in China to characterize fire loads in students' dormitory buildings. The influence of room type, students’ grade and the contribution of different types of combustibles are discussed in detail. The fire load densities of all the surveyed buildings show a normal distribution with the mean value of 537.3MJ/m², the maximum value of 812MJ/m², the minimum value of 234MJ/m², and the standard deviation of 140. Based on the survey results, the fire dynamical theory and the characteristics of building fire, the evaluation methods of the fire duration time and the collapse probability caused by fire are also developed in this paper.

23.	TACTILE INPUT FEATURES OF HARDWARE: COGNITIVE PROCESSING IN RELATION TO DIGITAL DEVICE
23.	by Genevieve Marie Johnson
Abstract	Three relatively distinct types of devices have characterized the digital revolution; 1) the personal computer of the 1990s, 2) the mobile phone in the first decade of the new millennium and, most recently, 3) the tablet computer. Socio-cognitive theorists maintain that use of tools and technologies over time, changes the nature of human mental processes. For example, computer technology affords increased opportunities for cognitive stimulation (e.g., played games and reading) which, with prolonged use and in a general sense, improves human intellectual capabilities. While personal computers, mobile phones and tablet computers differ in terms of screen size and portably, touchscreen input may be particularly relevant to cognition. This paper reviews recent research which establishes that use of personal computers and mobile phones is associated with improved human cognition. Since tablet computers have penetrated popular culture in less than two years, their effect on cognitive processing remains largely speculative. To some extent, research findings on the cognitive impact of personal computers and mobile phones might reasonably be generalized to tablet computers, particularly the suggestion that technology increases cognitive stimulation which, over time, improves human cognitive processes. However, increased tactile connection with digital devices, as is the case with touchscreen technology, might reasonably be assumed to increase the impact of tools on human cognition. The use of hands and fingers is critically related to human brain functioning and evolution.

24.	EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION IN ABUJA, THE CAPITAL CITY OF NIGERIA
24.	by Ochuko Anomohanran
Abstract	Abuja the capital city of Nigeria has experienced rapid development and high influx of people with the implication of increased generation of noise. Hence the need to evaluate the noise pollution level of the city. Measurement of equivalent noise level was carried out in 35 locations around the city using a CR811C integrated sound level meter. Result showed that the day time mean equivalent noise level of the city ranged from 73.2 dBA to 83.6 dBA. Result also showed that the night time mean equivalent noise level of the city is of good quality as it ranged from 44 dBA to 56.8 dBA. The night time therefore serves as a recovery time for those who are exposed to high noise value during the day. Result further showed that the Central Business District of Abuja has the highest day-night noise value of 82 dBA while the lowest day-night noise level was obtained from Asokoro district with a value of 71 dBA. The average day-night noise level of the City was obtained as 76.4 dBA. It is recommended that those whose daily activities confine them to areas with unhealthy noise level should make sure they have at least 10 hours of recovery time in areas where the sound level is less than 65 dBA. The government is called upon to improve the traffic situation in the city so as to prevent traffic built up in areas with high noise values.

25.	A MODEL REFERENCE-BASED FUZZY ADAPTIVE PI CONTROLLER FOR NON-LINEAR LEVEL PROCESS SYSTEM
25.	by A. Ganesh Ram & S. Abraham Lincoln
Abstract	This paper proposes a model reference tracking based fuzzy adaptive PI (MRFAPI) controller for non-linear process plant. The second order reference model is proposed for the system. The conical-tank level process system is used as a process plant. The proposed MRFAPI controller is combined with fuzzy logic and conventional variable PI controllers. The on-line estimation of the controller parameters is based on the error between reference model and time-varying parameter of the process plant. The model of the process plant is formulated based on the real laboratory-scale system and the control of the process plant is alone using MATLAB simulink. The controller can produce the appropriate control signals to control the plant in presence of plant nonlinearity, disturbance and measurement noise.