International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences. Volume 9, Issue 2(November 2011)

	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences ISSN: 2076-734X, EISSN: 2076-7366 Volume 9, Issue 2 (November, 2011) To read and print the PDF files of the Journal Archive you will need to have Acrobat Reader If you have any technical or content problems contact : publisher@arpapress.com
1.	QUANTUM SYMMETRIES, OPERATOR ALGEBRA AND QUANTUM GROUPOID REPRESENTATIONS: PARACRYSTALLINE SYSTEMS, TOPOLOGICAL ORDER, SUPERSYMMETRY AND GLOBAL SYMMETRY BREAKING
1.	by Ion C. Baianu, James F. Glazebrook & Ronald Brown
Abstract	Novel approaches to extended quantum symmetry, paracrystals, quasicrystals, noncrystalline solids, topological order, supersymmetry and spontaneous, global symmetry breaking are outlined in terms of quantum groupoid, quantum double groupoids and dual, quantum algebroid structures. Physical applications of such quantum groupoid and quantum algebroid representations to quasicrystalline structures and paracrystals, quantum gravity, as well as the applications of the Goldstone and Noether's theorems to: phase transitions in superconductors/superfluids, ferromagnets, antiferromagnets, mictomagnets, quasi-particle (nucleon) ultra-hot plasmas, nuclear fusion, and the integrability of quantum systems are also considered. Both conceptual developments and novel approaches to Quantum theories are here proposed starting from existing Quantum Group Algebra (QGA), Algebraic Quantum Field Theories (AQFT), standard and effective Quantum Field Theories (QFT), as well as the refined `machinery' of Non--Abelian Algebraic Topology (NAAT), Category Theory (CT) and Higher-Dimensional Algebra (HDA).The logical links between Quantum Operator Algebras and their corresponding,'dual' structure of the Quantum State Spaces are also investigated. Among the key concepts presented are: Quantum Group Algebras (QGAs)/Groupoids, Hopf and C*- algebras, Lie `algebras', Quantization and Asymptotic Morphisms, Locally Topological Groupoids, Crossed Modules of Groups or Lie Double Groupoids, Lie Algebroids, Crossed Complexes over Groupoids, Holonomy and Gauge Transformation Groupoids, Quantum Principal Bundles and Sheaves.

2.	THE DIVISOR PROBLEM ON SQUARE-FREE INTEGERS
2.	by Rong Ma & Yulong Zhang
Abstract	For any real number x > 1 , let D(x)={d ≤ x\|d is a square - free divisor integer}, we study and get a sharp asymptotic formula about it.

3.	ON SPECIAL DIFFERENTIAL SUPERORDINATIONS USING MULTIPLIER TRANSFORMATION AND RUSCHEWEYH DERIVATIVE
3.	by Alina Alb Lupas
Abstract	In the present paper we establish several differential superordinations regarding the new operator defined by using the multiplier transformation and Ruscheweyh derivative.

4.	A COMPARISON OF POWERS OF CONDITIONAL AND UNCONDITIONAL TEST USING A POISSON DISTRIBUTION
4.	by Oseni B.A. & Oyenuga I.F.
Abstract	This paper examines the powers of conditional and unconditional test using a Poisson distribution and determination of sample sizes. It was observed that equal sample sizes of 33 of the two populations in conditional test gives the same power with that of unconditional test for sample size 27 of population 1 and sample size 36 of population 2.

5.	THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVATED CARBON ABSORBENT FOR ADSORBED NATURAL GAS STORAGE
5.	by Zainal Zakaria & Terry George
Abstract	Storage of natural gas by adsorption or called Adsorbed Natural Gas (ANG) has the potential to replace Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in mobile storage applications, such as in vehicles. ANG storage at moderate pressure around 3.5 to 4.2 MPa could be expected to reduce the problem of bulky storage within a confined space of high-pressure CNG storage used in vehicle. In adsorptive storage, the amount of gas stored in the vessel is enhanced when a large portion of gas adsorbs on the adsorbent and thus lowering the storage pressure. Commercial activated carbon adsorbent was conducted to determine the storage capacity and delivery performance of the ANG storage. The adsorptive storage test was carried out under dynamic condition to resemble storage behavior during filling and discharging. The 0.5 liter pressurized vessel used to store methane is charged up to 3.5 MPa and then brought down to atmospheric pressure to discharge the stored gas. Both filling and discharging process is done at varied flow rates. The results shown that the ANG storage experienced significant thermal changes during adsorption and desorption of the gas therefore affected the storage performance. The rate of filling and discharging is influence the system thermal behavior and results in capacity loss.

6.	EFFECT OF OPERATING CONDITIONS ON ACOUSTIC GAS METERING IN THE NIGER DELTA
6.	by Isehunwa O. S. & Harry Y.
Abstract	This study investigated the relationship between velocity of sound and properties of natural gases under different equations of state and the operational implications on acoustic gas metering. The velocity of sound was related to the thermodynamic properties of natural gas using both the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) and Peng-Robinson (PR) equations of state and applied to 5 wet and 5 dry natural gas samples from the Niger Delta at different conditions of temperature and pressure. Predicted results were statistically analyzed and compared with experimental data. For wet gas, SRK and PR equations gave average absolute deviation (AAD) of 9.50% and 1.15% for velocity of sound respectively; while AAD of 0.943% and 7.021% were obtained for dry gas, using the SRK and PR equations respectively. Predictions of sonic velocity and gas properties using both SRK and PR tend to give higher accuracy at high pressures than at ambient pressures and temperatures suggesting that correction factors must be implemented for ambient metering of gases when acouistic meters are used.

7.	DYNAMIC STABILITY STUDY AND SIMULATION OF THE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE COUPLED WITH THE NETWORK BY A LINE AND A LOAD IN PARALLEL
7.	by Elfahem A., Sboui A. & Hadj Abdallah H.
Abstract	The use of a reduced order model of synchronous generator for simulation is inadequate for transient stability study of the machine. Consequently there is a need to analyse exclusively the model of synchronous machine in power system. This fact the formed network of several inter-connected machines is regarded as a multi variable nonlinear system. Its modeling becomes very difficult and complex then, owing to the fact that each synchronous machine is described by a nonlinear state model of order seven and the equations of interconnection of the network which are also nonlinear functions of sizes characteristic of the network.[7] A rigorous study of this process in transitory mode absolutely requires the taking into account of the transitory modes of all the machines on the one hand and a fine modeling on the other hand. However, it would be complicated to approach the study of this problem in the total form. A solution consists in considering the case encountered frequently in practice where the disturbance occurs in the vicinity of a synchronous machine which will be particularly affected; the effect of this disturbance on the other machines which can be considered negligible[6], [1]. Under these conditions, the network seen of the terminals of the machine considered can be replaced by an invariable three-phase f.é.m in amplitude and frequency, in series with an impedance. This impedance can be assimilated as a resistance in series with an inductance. [7]

8.	A SPECIALLY DESIGNED TRANSIENT FAULTS INJECTION TECHNIQUE AT THE VHDL LEVEL AND MODELING
8.	by Trailokya Nath Sasamal & Anand Mohan
Abstract	This paper presents a technique to improve verification at VHDL level by a specially designed transient faults injection block. By this technique fault insertion time, can be randomized. A probabilistic model of faulty periods ,the time period where at least one fault exists and a fault analysis to derive the optimum faulty period is presented. Distribution functions are derived to represent the case of false alarm, where a transient fault is flagged as permanent, and the case of a miss, where too many faults coexist thus overcoming the checker’s capability to detect them. These derivations are compared with the results of a simulation program representing the model. The VHDL coding utilized the Xilinx ISE 11.1, and the simulation has been performed in ISim simulator.

9.	AN ANTENNA SELECTION FOR MANET NODES AND CLUSTER HEAD GATEWAY IN INTEGRATED MOBILE ADHOC NETWORK
9.	by Ashish Bagwari, Danish Quamar, Noor Mohd & Sourabh Bisht
Abstract	As we know in Mobile Ad hoc network our Nodes are highly mobile. They move around the Network. Due to this network topology and number of neighboring nodes in each node frequently change. Movement of nodes from one to another network also affect to the communication between them. As we know if nodes are within the range of each other they will work properly. But any of one node is not in the range of other node communication will Break. As the number of nodes increases interference and complexity of MANET increases in various issues. For this reason various approaches has been produced to reduce the complexity such as cluster head technique and dominating set based gateway technique introduced. We remove the limitation from the above mentioned approaches using Cluster Head Gateway node (CHG) [1]. In this paper we introduces the selection of Antenna in such a way that if CHG nodes want to send the data to other (CHG or Cluster Nodes) then how the communication will takes place with minimum interference and High QoS. By selecting the appropriate antenna we will reduce the interference and overhead [2], try to re-establish the break link between nodes and increase the performance, throughput and QoS for an ad hoc network and also prevent packet drops during Nodes mobility when data transaction going on between nodes. Finally, this paper conducts simulation experiments in the conditions where we will do the comparative study between Omni-Directional and Directional Antenna.

10.	A NOVEL APPROACH TO FULLY PRIVATE AND SECURE AUCTION: A SEALED-BID KNAPSACK AUCTION
10.	by Maged Hamada Ibrahim
Abstract	In an electronic auction protocol, the main participants are the seller, a set of trusted auctioneer(s) and the set of bidders. In this paper we consider the situation where there is a seller and a set of n bidders intending to come to an agreement on the selling price of a certain good. Full private or bidder-resolved auction means that this agreement is reached without the help of trusted parties or auctioneers. Therefore, only the seller and the set of bidders are involved, the role of the auctioneers becomes obsolete in this case. We propose a new – simple and secure – technique for the design of a full private sealed-bid auction protocol. We employ the well known mathematical proposition, the knapsack problem which was used by Merkle and Hellman [1] in the design of their asymmetric public-key knapsack trapdoor cryptosystem. Up to our knowledge, the knapsack problem has not been considered before in the design of electronic auctions. We also employ an efficient (1-out-of-k) oblivious transfer of strings for secure data transfer between the seller and the bidders (e.g., [2]). At the end of the protocol, the seller knows the set of prices selected by the bidders, yet he doesn't know which bid belongs to which bidder until the winning bidder announces himself and proves his case by opening a secret code corresponding to the highest price. Our protocol is a 1^st price and automatically a 2^nd price auction as well, since the winning bidder can pay the 2^nd highest price – indicated by a flag – according to the public auction predefined rules. We give the protocol for honest but curious participants then we show how to detect malicious behavior of the participants by employing a one way function with a suitable homomorphic property.

11.	A NEW HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC-DIESEL SYSTEM CONTROL SCHEME FOR AN ISOLATED LOAD
11.	by Noureddine Hidouri, Taoufik Mhamdi, Samah Hammadi & Lassâad Sbita
Abstract	In this paper, the Authors present a hybrid photovoltaic-diesel system control. The considered system is composed of a self exited induction generator (SEIG) and a photovoltaic array (PV array) and a supervisor associated to an isolated DC load. The diesel motor is used to drive the SEIG in order to feed an isolated DC load when the PV array required insulation is down. The load receives the input power from the photovoltaic array through a buck converter and a DC bus when the insulation is sufficient; else it receives the required active power from the SEIG through a diode rectifier, LC-LC filter and a DC bus. A modelling study was performed for the proposed Hybrid system components. Modelling of the PV array, SEIG, Diesel engine, rectifier, LC-LC filter, DC bus and buck converter were established and used in the control proposed scheme. The DC bus control aiming to extract the required active power from the hybrid system is studied and analyzed. An extensive simulation work was performed to extract the significant results. To show up the high system performances, presented results are discussed and prove how the proposed methodology is an efficient hybrid photovoltaic diesel control procedure.

12.	DEALING WITH SENSITIVE AND VARIABLE SOILS IN NAIROBI CITY
12.	by Caroline K. Onyancha, Eliud M. Mathu, Sixtus K. Mwea & Wilson M. Ngecu
Abstract	Nairobi City is mainly underlain by pyroclastic volcanic rocks that were deposited during the formation of the East African Rift Valley. Some of the volcanic rocks were deposited in aqueous conditions over a long period of time and are intercalated with lacustrine sediments. River valleys and other depressions that existed during the periods of intermittent inactivity were filled with alluvium and clays. At building sites, the alluvium, clays as well as decomposed volcanic tuffs are found to have variable thicknesses and sensitive to moisture. The objectives of this research were: to identify localities covered by the sensitive and variable soils; to determine the geotechnical properties of the soils and to examine the methods and processes that make for a successful construction program. Geotechnical test results and reports from fifty seven sites underlain by these soils were analysed. The results show that structures with defects exist side by side with those in sound condition. It is concluded that some methods of construction work well in these soils. These successful construction methods that are applied to avoid/ remedy total and differential settlement in buildings are discussed here. Since the methods are quite successful, the authors suggest use of the same approach for addressing similar subsoil problems.

13.	EFFECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION FROM WIFI DEVICES ON HUMAN EJACULATED SEMEN
13.	by Olatunde Michael Oni, Dauda Biodun Amuda & Celestine Etumonu Gilbert
Abstract	This is an in-vitro pilot study which established the effect of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) from 2.4 GHz laptop antenna on human semen. Ten samples of the semen, collected from donors between the ages of 20 and 30 years were exposed when the source of the RFR was in active mode. Sequel to the exposure, both the exposed samples and another ten unexposed samples from same donors were analysed for sperm concentration, motility and morphology grading. A test of significance between results of these semen parameters using Mann-Whitney U- test at 0.05 level of significance showed a significant effect of RFR exposure on the semen parameters considered.

14.	EFFECTS OF FUZZY LOGIC METHODS OVER ATM NETWORKS
14.	by Iman Askerbeyli & Fidan Aybike Gedik
Abstract	In recent years, fuzzy logic methods has become one of the methods mostly used because of finding solution fast and low cost. One of these methods, the adaptive fuzzy logic method, adapted to the relevant technology and provide the optimum solutions. In this work a network traffic controller developed for minimizing error rate of multiple switches ATM Network with adaptive neuro- fuzzy method. This method was compared with a conventional fuzzy method to show the advantages and better results. ABR (Available Bit Rate) service of the ATM technology is used when designing and developing the controller. Results are discussed within the framework of today’s technology requirements and problems.

15.	ARABIC TEXT CLASSIFICATION USING SMO,NAÏVE BAYESIAN, J48 ALGORITHMS
15.	by Majed Ismail Hussien, Fekry Olayah, Minwer AL-dwan & Ahlam Shamsan
Abstract	Several algorithms have been implemented to solve the problem of text categorization. Most of the work in this area was performing for English text, while few researches have been performing for the Arabic text. However the nature of Arabic text is different than English text; preprocessing of Arabic text and more challenging. This paper implemented the Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO), Naïve Bayesian (NB) and J48 (C4.5) Algorithms using weka program, comparing between the algorithms in accuracy and time to get the result. A huge number of features or keywords in the documents lead to a poor performance in terms of both accuracy and time. Therefore preprocessing is very important step before the categorization documents to get knowledge from massive data and reduce the processing operations. The preprocessing includes two approaches: the first elimination stop word and the second normalization approach. The results show that the (SMO) classifier achieves the highest accuracy and the lowest error rate, followed by J48 (C4.5), then the (NB) classifier. But the second part of the results (time) shows that the time needed to get the results, the SMO model is the faster one, followed by NB model, and then J48 classifier which takes a highest amount of time.

16.	EXTRACTING USE CASE DIAGRAM FROM REQUIRMENT ENGINEERING PROCESSES
16.	by Lena Khaled
Abstract	Part of the solution to requirement elicitation problems is to structure it as a diagram. Use-case diagram is a simple tool that represents the system as a black box and describes the communication between a system and its environment. This paper describes how use-cases can be extracted from requirement engineering processes; it illustrates the main phases of the requirement engineering then pull out the concepts that form the use case diagram from these phases.

17.	ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF HEAVY METALS IN SOILS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL SOAP AND DETERGENT WASTE WATER DISCHARGE
17.	by Justice O. Odoi, Frederick A. Armah & Isaac Luginaah
Abstract	Soil heavy metals have been a very useful indicator of environmental quality worldwide. The present study was conducted to investigate the levels, sources, distribution and spatial variability of heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn) in soils in close proximity to an industrial area. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was applied to test the similarities between sampled elements based on nearest neighbour method. Mean concentrations (mg/L) of heavy metals in the sampled soils were as follows: Mn (19.90), Cu (15.23), Zn (9.06), Pb (6.19) and Cd (0.13). ANOVA showed that the concentrations of individual heavy metals in soils were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the background reference soils indicating that the effluent discharge from the industry has increased the heavy metal concentrations in these soils. A strong positive correlation was found between Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd whereas Mn was positively correlated somewhat less strongly to Zn and Pb. Mn was negatively correlated with Cu and Cd. The results, indicates that the concentrations of all metals except Cd exhibited weak spatial autocorrelations (ratios ranging from 0.80 to 11.94) confirming that spatial variability was affected by the industrial effluent discharge. These results suggest the need to develop proper management strategies to contend with heavy metal contamination in industrial areas.

18.	APPRAISING NIGERIA READINESS FOR ECOMMERCE TOWARDS: ACHIEVING VISION 20: 2020
18.	by Akintola K.G, Akinyede R.O. & Agbonifo C.O.
Abstract	The cardinal point of vision 20:2020 of Federal republic of Nigeria is that “By 2020 Nigeria will be one of the 20 largest economies in the world able to consolidate its leadership role in Africa and establish itself as a significant player in the global economic and political arena.” [NV2020]. To attain this overarching goal of reaching the top 20 economies by year 2020, the Country will need to enhance her economic development performance under the key parameters of Polity, Macro-economy, Infrastructure, Education, Health, Agriculture, and Manufacturing. Suffice to say, these parameters are not exhaustive. [NV2020]. While this program sounds laudable both in theory and in practice, and could be seen as a right step in the right direction, the question however is considering the political situation, infrastructure development, Macro-economic policies in the country, “how prepared is Nigeria in attaining these lofty goals by year 2020”?. Nigeria is one of developing countries that are yet to enter the mainstream of eCommerce, yet is having a dream to become a significant player in the global economy by 2020. Given the prevailing situation in the global market today eCommerce is one of the key global marketing strategies and Nigeria is yet to enter the market. This paper is written to sensitize the Nigeria Computer Society (NCS) which is the umbrella body for Information Technology in Nigeria, the eCommerce stakeholders in Nigeria, such as Nigeria Internet Group (NIG); Internet Services Providers’ Association of Nigeria (ISPAN); The Nigerian Cyber-crime Working Group(NCWG), the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC); National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), banks, businesses, technocrats and the Federal Government of Nigeria to wake up from their dream and join this global economic train towards achieving the vision 2020 goals.